Germans on the Moon

Ulf Merbold Dietrich (born June 20, 1941 in Greiz) is a German physicist and former astronaut. It was in 1983, five years after the East German cosmonaut Sigmund Jahn, the first citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany in space. Merbold Jähn and grew only about 40 kilometers apart in the Vogtland. In April 1977, sought the then German Research and Testing Institute for Aerospace had to experimenters for the Spacelab, whereupon applied Merbold. The European Space Agency (ESA) is seeking candidates to build its first European astronaut corps. The aspirant has been promised to be able to conduct research in the ESA-built space laboratory aboard the space shuttle. A total of some 2,000 scientists submitted their documents one - including 700 from Germany - where each of the twelve ESA member countries should propose only one candidate. Of these twelve people were selected in December 1977 four candidates, of whom half a year later, only three were left: next Merbold nor the Swiss Claude Nicollier and Dutch Wubbo Ockels.All three ESA astronauts prepared themselves together, for participation in the first flight of Spacelab, until the fall of 1982, the final choice fell on Merbold. Under the acronym of the STS-9 shuttle flight took place a year later under the command of John Young, with Merbold was the first non-US citizens on a space shuttle.72 scientific experiments in eight disciplines were on the agenda, of biology, on plasma physics and astronomy to materials science. The team worked in two-shift operation to achieve a very high utilization of the experiments.Subsequently, as a backup payload Merbold care expert and speaker connection to the first all-German Spacelab Mission D1, which took place in autumn 1985. On-site ESA Noordwijk, the Netherlands, he then worked in the planning of the Columbus laboratory, Europe's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) until he became head of the Astronaut Office and DLR in Cologne.Merbold end of 1988 was set up as a candidate for further Spacelab Mission: three years he was training for STS-42, the first international company for microgravity research. One week, he conducted research in January 1992 (the first all-German astronaut in space) and his Canadian colleague aboard the space shuttle Discovery.After Merbold coordinated the scientific aspects of the second German Spacelab D-2 flight, he joined in August 1993, training the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Moscow. Together with the Spaniard Pedro Duque, he trained for the European-Russian cooperation Flight "Euromir 94". Duque was intended to substitute for the Germans, the beginning of October 1994 with the cosmonauts Alexander Viktorenko (Commander) and Yelena Kondakova (board engineer) with the spaceship Soyuz TM-20 broke up his third space flight. A month long Merbold worked as the first ESA astronaut to the Russian space station Mir and completed the longest stay by then a Western European in space. He conducted approximately 30 experiments. The return was done with the spaceship Soyuz TM-19. The landing capsule is on display in the Speyer Museum of Technology

The Apollo Moon Missions

The actual NASA's plan called for seven missions to the first manned moon landing. These were the missions A to G:Mission A: Unmanned test of Saturn V and Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit (performed twice with Apollo 4 and Apollo 6).Mission B: Test of Unmanned Lunar Module (LM for Lunar Module) (performed with Apollo 5).Mission C: Manned test of the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit (using Apollo 7).Mission D: Testing the combination of the command module and lunar module in a low Earth orbit (originally planned as Apollo 8, Apollo 9 as renumbered, because a moon flight (Mission C ') was inserted as Apollo 8).Mission E: Testing the combination of the command module and lunar module in orbit distant geomagnetic (Mission was deleted, the mission team took over C ').Mission Q: Testing the combination of the command module and lunar module in lunar orbit (using Apollo 10).Mission G: First landing on the moon (using Apollo 11).Apollo 8 carried out with the first Mondumkreisung, Christmas 1968 was not actually provided by NASA and was inserted with the mission designation C 'between the C and D missions.Also unclear was the configuration of the first moon flight. The initial plans of the 1960s saw before a single spacecraft for landing on the moon and return to Earth, it was unclear whether Rendevouzmanöver and couplings of two spacecraft were possible. It soon became apparent that these plans were unrealistic. In particular, at the instigation of John C. Houbolt Therefore, the end of 1961 we went to a more complex, but optimized configuration of separate spacecraft. This allowed not only to manage with a single missile, but also allowed the optimization of individual components on their exact purpose. This concept will benefit from proposed Space Launch system unchanged.In addition, the emission H, I and J were planned:H mission: landing on the moon with advanced scientific experiments (performed with Apollo 12 and Apollo 13, Apollo 14th was not successful, Apollo 15 was also originally planned as a mission-H).Mission I: Manned flight in lunar orbit for research purposes, no landing intended. Concrete plans for missions I did not exist.J Mission: Landing on the moon with advanced scientific experiments, and the lunar rover (using Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17).

List of soviet Cosmonauts

Contains all before the end of the Soviet Union launched cosmonautSee also: Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine72 space travelers:Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev - Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-29, Soyuz TM-32 TM-33/SojusVladimir Viktorovich Aksyonov - Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2Alexander Pavlovich Aleksandrov - Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-3Yuri Petrovich Artjuchin - Soyuz 14Anatoly Pavlovich Artsebarsky - Soyuz TM-12Oleg Yuryevich Atkow - Salyut 7 EO-3 (Soyuz T-11 T-10/Sojus)Toktar Ongarbajewitsch Aubakirow - TM-13/Sojus Soyuz TM-12Alexander Nikolayevich Balandin - Soyuz TM-9Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev - Voskhod 2Georgi Timofeyevich Beregowoi - Soyuz 3Anatoly Nikolayevich Berezovoy - Soyuz T-5Valery Fyodorovich Bykowski - Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31Yevgeny Vasilyevich Khrunov - Soyuz 4 5/SojusLev Stepanovich Dyomin - Soyuz 15Georgi Dobrowolski Timofeevich - Soyuz 11Vladimir Alexandrovich Dschanibekow - Soyuz 27, Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-12, Salyut 7 EO-4 (Soyuz T-13)Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistow - Voskhod 1Anatoly Vasilievich Filipchenko - Soyuz 7, Soyuz 16Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin - Vostok 1, the first man in space (April 12, 1961)Yuri Nikolayevich Glazkov - Soyuz 24Viktor Vasilyevich Gorbatko - Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37Georgi Mikhailovich Grechko - Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26, Salyut 7 EO-4 (Soyuz T-13 T-14/Sojus)Alexei Alexandrovich Gubaryov - Soyuz 17, Soyuz 28Alexander Sergeyevich Ivanchenkov - Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6Boris Borisovich Yegorov - Voskhod 1Alexei Stanislavovich Yeliseyev - 5/Sojus Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10Leonid Denisovich Kizim - Soyuz T-3, Salyut 7 EO-3 (Soyuz T-11 T-10/Sojus), Soyuz T-15Pyotr Ilyich Klimuk - Soyuz 13, Soyuz 18, Soyuz 30Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov - Voskhod 1, Soyuz 1Vladimir Vasilyevich Kovalyonok - Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-4Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev - Soyuz TM-7, Mir LD-3 (Soyuz TM-13 TM-12/Sojus), STS-60, STS-88, ISS Expedition 1 (Soyuz TM-31/STS-102), ISS Expedition 11 (Soyuz TMA-6)Valery Nikolaevich Kubasov - Soyuz 6, Soyuz 19, Soyuz 36Vasily Lazarev Grigoryevich - Soyuz 12Alexander Ivanovich Lawejkin - Soyuz TM-2Valentin Lebedev Vitalyevich - Soyuz 13, Soyuz T-5Alexei Leonov Arkhipovich - Voskhod 2, Soyuz 19, the first man who performed a spacewalk (March 18, 1965)Anatoly Levchenko Semenovich - Soyuz TM-4Vladimir Lyakhov Afanassjevitch - 32/Sojus Soyuz 34, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-5 TM-6/SojusOleg Makarov Grigoryevich - Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3Yuri Vasilyevich Malyshev - Soyuz T-2, Soyuz T-11Gennadi Mikhailovich Manakov - Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16Mussa Chiramanowitsch Manarov - Soyuz TM-6 TM-4/Sojus, Soyuz TM-11Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev - Vostok 3, Soyuz 9Viktor Ivanovich Pazajew - Soyuz 11Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov - Mir LD-2 (Soyuz TM-7 TM-6/Sojus), Mir LD-4 (Soyuz TM-20 TM-18/Sojus)Leonid Ivanovich Popov - Soyuz 35, Soyuz 40, Soyuz T-7Pavel Romanovich Popovich - Vostok 4, Soyuz 14Valery Viktorovich Ryumin - Soyuz 25, Soyuz 32, Soyuz 35 STS-91Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko - Soyuz 26, Soyuz 38, Soyuz TM-2Valeri Rozhdestvensky Ilyich - Soyuz 23Nikolai Nikolaevich Rukawischnikow - Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, Soyuz 33Gennady Vasilyevich Sarafanov - Soyuz 15Viktor Petrovich Savinykh - Soyuz T-4, Salyut 7 EO-4 (Soyuz T-14 T-13/Sojus), Soyuz TM-5Svetlana Evgenevna Sawizkaja - Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-12Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov - Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10Vitaly Mikhailovich Scholobow - Soyuz 21Georgi Stepanovich Shonin - Soyuz 6Alexander Alexandrovich Serebrov - Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-17Vitaly Ivanovich Sevastyanov - Soyuz 9, Soyuz 18Anatoli Yakovlevich Solovyov - I EP-2 (Soyuz TM-4 TM-5/Sojus), Mir EO-6 (Soyuz TM-9), Mir EO-12 (Soyuz TM-15), Mir EO-19 (STS-71 / Soyuz TM-21), Mir EO-24 (Soyuz TM-26)Vladimir Alekseevich Soloviev - Salyut 7 EO-3 (Soyuz T-11 T-10/Sojus), Mir EO-1 (Soyuz T-15)Gennady Mikhailovich Strekalow - Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-10-1 (demolition), Soyuz T-11, Soyuz TM-10, Mir EO-18 (Soyuz TM-21/STS-71)Vyacheslav Dmitrievich Sudowe - Soyuz 23Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Vostok 6, the first woman in space (June 16, 1963)German Stepanovich Titov - Vostok 2Vladimir Titov Georgiyevich - Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-10-1 (demolition), Soyuz TM-4, STS-63, STS-86Vladimir Vladimirovich Wasjutin - Salyut 7 EO-4 (Soyuz T-14)Alexander Stepanovich Viktorenko - Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-20, also one of the first Russian astronaut to dissolution of the USSR (10 August 1992)Igor Petrovich Volk - Soyuz T-12Alexander Alexandrovich Volkov - Salyut 7 EO-4 (Soyuz T-14), Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-13Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov - Soyuz 7, Soyuz 11Boris Valentinovich Wolynow - Soyuz 5, Soyuz 21

About the existence of Alien being

The theoretical possibility that life could exist beyond Earth, is discussed for centuries. In the words for example, already Giordano Bruno in the 16th Century that the universe is infinite and that there are infinitely many creatures on other planets in the universe exist. Even Immanuel Kant in 1755 it employed in his work from the residents of the stars. The speculation increased especially in the second half of the 19th Century, as the theory of evolution gained more widespread, which says that life has on the Earth over periods of billions of natural mutation and selection processes from the simplest life forms to ever greater diversity, more complexity and eventually developed into intelligence. This idea, it was possible to appear that could have evolved on other planets in a similar way of life - especially after both the traditional biblical Christian worldview increasingly lost importance and pointed out the astronomy that our sun is a star similar to the billions star is.For the existence of intelligent life beyond Earth are particularly cited the fact that it alone in the Milky Way are 200-400 billion stars, and this in turn is only one of more than 100 billion galaxies. Furthermore, our sun has - if known - no special features, and even planetary systems seem to be widespread. Thus, it is assumed that there are many planets that offer similarly good conditions for life. Under this assumption, it seems extremely unlikely that would have evolved on this planet, no life. Thus, it is very likely that there are other life forms in the universe. This missing component, however, that the time window of intelligent life is possible only a few million years.The probability of the existence of such a life is estimated since 1961 with the Drake equation. However, many of the used in the Drake equation factors controversial. Even beyond the question of how the theoretical results of the Drake equation has practical relevance, or how it is to be interpreted at all, there are a lot of discussion.Another consideration is the possible spread of life on other planets. If technologically advanced life forms would be capable of interstellar colonization and also could maintain their civilization over millions of years, the galaxy would have to be fully colonized within a few million years. The fact that there are still no signs that speak for this fact is also known as Fermi's paradox.

The reason why we never went to the moon since the 1970s

Aliens attacked the Astronauts on the moon? See yourself

Erich von Däniken - Did Aliens visit us in the past?

Erich von Däniken is the best known representatives of the so-called pre-astronautics or "Paleo-SETI-hypothesis": aliens have visited Earth long ago and decisively influenced the development of mankind.Because of their high technical superiority that astronauts had been held by primitive men as gods. Given thisassumption implies von Daniken different legacies (buildings, legends, etc.) as evidence of ancient cultures forextra-terrestrial visitors.
For example, he believes that "primitive" people were not without help from others in a position to providecultural services such as building the pyramids of Giza, the stone monuments on Easter Island, Stonehenge or the map of Piri Reis. Various objects he saw as a possible replica of launch pads and landing sites of UFOs (egNazca lines) to aliens (gods) again to persuade another to land on the earth - and he interprets these objects as remnants of cargo cults . In religion and mysticism traditional gods he interpreted as aliens.
The first chapter of the Book of Ezekiel (Ezekiel) in the Bible interprets von Daniken as a description of thelanding of a spaceship. Based on the biblical description of this was known as "Ezekiel" spacecraft of theNASA engineer Josef F. Blumrich (1913-2002) constructed a model.Erich von Däniken asks the historians, not only in a particular field (such as Egyptology) to limit, but disciplinesto recognize the similarities between the ancient civilizations (such as the pyramids in Africa and South America, but see, for example, Thor Heyerdahl) to recognize the similarities and explore more detailed. Hecriticized the Catholic Church as well as governments and authorities in various countries (including Egypt) so that important evidence would be retained, supported his hypothesis.
Erich von Däniken sees herself as a devout man who prayed every day. However, the teachings of all worldreligions are wrong, because they on the wrong "facts" were based. The reason lies in the question of the originof life, which it considers to lie in space. Also distances himself from Däniken always disclaim all UFO religionsand emphasizes the fact that he, despite repeatedly mentioned in the media so well is not a ufologist.

The book of Enoch - Was God really an Astronaut?

Under the name of Enoch, there are three different apocryphal books, with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Enoch, orsometimes also referred to the languages ​​in which they were handed down mainly.
The first Enoch is also called the Ethiopian Book of Enoch. It has survived completely only in Ethiopic. Parts of the book are also in Greek (the first 32 chapters found in a manuscript 1886/87, is also sometimes referred to as Greek Enoch) receive and Aramaic.
The second Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) is only preserved in Church Slavonic.
The third Book of Enoch (Hebrew Enoch) in Hebrew.